- In order to keep pace with the evolving market dynamics, SEBI (Prohibition of Insider Trading) Regulations, 2015 (hereinafter “SEBI (PIT) Regulations, 2015″ or “PIT Regulations”) have been amended from time to time. With an objective to provide greater clarity on several concepts related to the SEBI (PIT) Regulations, 2015, as also to shed more light on the nuances of various requirements of the regulations, SEBI had issued comprehensive Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) on March 31,2023.
- In light of the amendments, queries and suggestions received, and consultations with market participants, the FAQs have now been revised and updated, with regard to trading plans.
- With a view to provide more clarity and ease of reference, these FAQs are categorized subject-wise under various headings, namely, trading, structured digital database, disclosures, pledge, trading plan, pre-clearance, trading window closure, contra-trade, etc.
- These FAQs are in the nature of providing guidance on the SEBI (PIT) Regulations, 2015 and any explanation/clarification provided herein should neither be regarded as an interpretation of law nor be treated as a binding opinion/decision of the Securities and Exchange Board of India. Different facts or conditions may entail different interpretations. For full particulars of laws governing insider trading, please refer to actual text of the Acts/Regulations/Circulars appearing under the legal framework section on the SEBI website.
- This document rescinds the earlier FAQs/clarifications/guidance-notes listed at Annexure-A.
A. Trading Related
Trading as defined under Regulation 2 (1) (l) means and includes subscribing, buying, selling, dealing, or agreeing to subscribe, buy, sell, deal in any securities, and “trade” shall be construed accordingly. The term trading is widely defined to include dealing in securities and intended to curb the activities based on unpublished price sensitive information (UPSI) which are strictly not buying, selling or subscribing, such as pledging etc. Hence, trading would include creation/invocation/revocation of pledge.
Trading in securities while in possession of UPSI is prohibited as per the regulations. For the applicability of SEBI (PIT) Regulations, securities shall have the same meaning assigned to it under the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956, which inter-alia covers shares, scrips, stocks, bonds, debentures, derivative, etc. except units of mutual funds.
Regulation 2(1) (g) of SEBI (PIT) Regulations, 2015 defines ‘insider’ as any person who is:
- a connected person; or
- in possession of or having access to unpublished price sensitive information.
Therefore, even if a person is not classified as a designated person, having access to UPSI would make such a person an ‘insider’. As per Regulation 4(1) of SEBI (PIT) Regulations, 2015, an insider is prohibited to trade while in possession of UPSI.
Yes, PIT Regulations are applicable on transmission of shares. However, they are exempted from provisions of trading window closure, pre-clearance and contra trade, but the norms relating to disclosure requirements shall be applicable on transmission of Shares.
B. Structured Digital Database
The requirement to maintain structured digital database under Regulation 3(5), containing the names of such persons or entities with whom UPSI is shared, is applicable to listed companies, and intermediaries and fiduciaries who handle UPSI of a listed company in the course of business operations.
1[The listed company should maintain structured digital database internally, which shall contain information including the following:
(i). Details of the Unpublished Price Sensitive Information (UPSI);
(ii). Details of persons with whom such UPSI is shared (along with their PANs/other unique identifier) and details of persons who have shared the information.
Similarly, another structured digital database should be maintained internally by fiduciary or intermediary, capturing information as mentioned above at point (i) and (ii), in accordance with Regulation 9A (2)(d) and as required under Schedule C.
For example: The listed company (X) has appointed a Law firm or Merchant Banker (Y) in respect of fund raising activity and (A) from listed company has shared the said UPSI with (B) of Law firm or Merchant Banker. The structured digital database of (X) should capture the nature of UPSI shared, details of (A), (Y) and (B), along with their PAN or other unique identifier (in case PAN is not available).
The Law firm or the Merchant Banker (Y) shall in turn maintain another structured digital database internally capturing the nature of UPSI received/shared, details of (X), (A) and (B) along with their PAN or other unique identifier (in case PAN is not available), in accordance with Regulation 9A(2)(d) and as required under Schedule C.]
1 – Substituted pursuant to amendment in SEBI PIT Regulations, 2015 dated July 17, 2020. Erstwhile FAQ dated November 04, 2019 read as follows-
The listed company should maintain the names of the fiduciary or intermediary with whom they have shared information along with the Permanent Account Number (PAN) or other unique identifier authorized by law, in case PAN is not available. The fiduciary/ intermediary, shall at their end, be required to maintain details as required under the Schedule C in respect of persons having access to UPSI. For example: If the listed company has appointed a law firm or Merchant Banker in respect of fund raising activity, it should obtain the name of the entity, so appointed, along with the PAN or other identifier, in case PAN is not available. The law firm or the Merchant Banker would in turn maintain its list of persons along with PAN or other unique identifier (in case PAN is not available), in accordance with Regulation 9A(2)(d) and as required under Schedule C, with whom they have shared the unpublished price sensitive information.
2[The SDD has to be maintained in compliance of Regulation 3 (5) and 3(6) of PIT regulations. The Board is solely accountable for all aspects related to the maintenance of data on cloud or any other method. The Board and the compliance officer has to ensure the confidentiality, integrity and security of its data and logs, and ensure compliance with the laws, regulations, circulars, FAQ’s etc. issued by SEBI/ Exchanges from time to time. The Board / Compliance Officer shall be responsible and accountable for any violation of the same.]
2 -Inserted vide the revised PIT FAQs, dated March 31, 2023.
The third party vendors are providing the services/software on login basis, where the server is maintained by the vendor. Therefore, the vendor may have access to such records which would be contrary to the regulations with respect to maintenance of structured digital database.
No, there is no requirement to disseminate the list of UPSI on the website of the company.
Yes, irrespective of the fact that information is shared within or outside the Company, requisite records shall be updated in structured digital database as and when the information gets transmitted.
4[The nominee directors on an entity, falling under the list of designated persons or as an insider, sharing UPSI with the Bank/FIs, for the legitimate purpose of the entity, would be considered as communication of UPSI. Accordingly, the same would need to be recorded in the SDD of the company.]
As per Regulation 3(6) of SEBI (PIT) Regulations, the structured digital database shall be preserved for a period of not less than eight years after completion of the relevant transactions and in the event of receipt of any information from SEBI regarding any investigation or enforcement proceedings, the relevant information in the structured digital database shall be preserved till the completion of such proceeding.
C. Pledge
Yes. However, the pledgor or pledgee may demonstrate that the creation/revocation5 of pledge or invocation of pledge was bona fide and prove their innocence under proviso to subregulation (1) of regulation 4 of the Regulations.
For the purpose of calculation of threshold for disclosures relating to pledge under Chapter III of the Regulations, the market value on the date of pledge/revoke transaction should be considered. In the above illustration, the value of transaction would be considered as fifteen lakh rupees.
When the lender sells the shares pledged by designated person, the transaction can be represented as invocation in Form C.
D. Trading Plan
No. If at the time of formulation of trading plan, there was no UPSI and later on a new UPSI was generated, then trading can be carried out as per the trading plan, even if the new UPSI has not been made generally available
There is no minimum or maximum duration prescribed for a trading plan. However, a cooling off period of 120 calendar days is mandated from the date of public disclosure of the trading plan till the commencement of trading by the insider, if any.
No, it is not mandatory to specify a price limit for trade(s) (i.e. upper price limit for a buy trade and a lower price limit for a sell trade) in the trading plan. It is, however, mandatory to mention the following parameters for each trade in the trading plan:
- either the value of trade to be effected or the number of securities to be traded;
- nature of trade (buy or sell); and
- either specific date or time period not exceeding five consecutive trading days within which the trade(s) shall be executed.
An insider, at the time of formulating the trading plan, has the option to specify a price limit beyond which they would not prefer to trade so as to get protected from adverse price fluctuation. The limit is an upper price limit for a buy trade and a lower price limit for a sell trade, subject to a range up to 20% vis-a-vis the closing price of the company’s security on the day before submission of the trading plan for approval.
If price of the security at the time of execution of trade is outside the price limit specified, i.e. below the price limit set for sell trade or higher than the upper price limit set for buy trade, the insider shall not execute the trade.
Deviation from the approved trading plan shall be allowed in following situations:
- Permanent incapacity or bankruptcy of insider or upon operation of law;
- Implementation of trading plan shall not be commenced if any UPSI in possession of the insider at the time of formulation of trading plan has not become generally available at the time of the commencement of implementation;
If at the time of execution of trade, price of the security is outside the price limit as set by the insider at the time of formulation of trading plan, the trade shall not be executed by the insider.
In case of full/ partial non-implementation of trading plan due to the reasons mentioned above or failure of execution of trade due to inadequate liquidity in the scrip, the insider must inform the Compliance Officer within two trading days from the end of the trading plan’s tenure, providing the reasons and supporting documents, if any.
An approved trading plan would automatically lapse upon death of the insider.
Yes, an insider may submit multiple trading plans simultaneously, provided the periods covered under such multiple trading plans do not overlap.
No, an insider does not require pre-clearance for trades executed under an approved trading plan.
Yes, contra trade restrictions would be applicable to trades executed under two separate trading plans.
What adjustments can be made to an approved trading plan with regard to corporate actions occurring during the period between approval of trading plan and implementation of the trading plan?
E. Disclosures including System Driven Disclosures
As per SEBI Circular dated September 09, 2020, SEBI has mandated system driven disclosure for members of promoter group and designated persons only in addition to promoters and directors of the company under Regulation 7(2) of SEBI (PIT) Regulations, 2015
If a designated person does not have PAN or a demat account number, then such a person cannot trade in the Indian securities market. Hence, system driven disclosures will not trigger for such a person.
The explanation to Regulation 7(2)(b) states that the disclosure of the incremental transactions after any disclosure under this sub-regulation shall be made when the transactions effected after the prior disclosure cross the threshold specified in clause (a) of sub-regulation (2). Hence, the next disclosure will be due when the next Rs. 10 lacs limit is breached.
For the purpose of reporting trades, market rate should be considered.
Yes, the number of securities acquired or disposed beyond the prescribed threshold, irrespective of the mode of acquisition or disposal, shall be disclosed except bonus issuance and shares received pursuant to a scheme
Regulation 6(2) of SEBI (PIT) Regulations specifies that disclosures to be made by any person under this Chapter (Disclosures of Trading by Insiders) shall include those relating to trading by such person’s immediate relatives, and by any other person for whom such person takes trading decisions. Hence, disclosure requirement is applicable to designated person along with its immediate relatives.
The disclosures are required on receipt of shares pursuant to exercise of ESOPs.
Since beneficiary ownership remains the same, the transfer of shares will not qualify as trading. Hence, disclosure requirements for the same will not be required. [1][However, the disclosure requirements shall be applicable in cases where one of the demat accounts has more than single ownership.]
[1] Inserted vide the revised PIT FAQs, dated March 31, 2023.
F. Pre-clearance
Employee stock options being issued under SEBI (Share Based Employee Benefits) Regulations, 2014, the exercise of such stock options is covered under clause 4(3)(b) of Schedule B of the SEBI (PIT) Regulations, 2015. Thus, no pre-clearance is required for exercise of stock options. However, sale of shares by employees obtained after exercise of options shall not be covered under the aforesaid Clause.
Yes, managing director can trade with pre-clearance alone, if not in possession of UPSI. However, if the code of conduct of the company mandates trading plan for persons who may be perpetually in possession of unpublished price sensitive information, such persons shall abide by such code of conduct.
Yes, pre-clearance is required for cashless options because exercise of options and sale of shares acquired under ESOP are taking place simultaneously. Further, only exercising of ESOP is exempted from taking pre-clearance.
For the purpose of PIT regulations, trade includes both on – market and off – market. Hence, off-market transfer of securities would require pre-clearance as per the code of conduct of the company.
G. Trading Window Closure
The designated person cannot trade when the trading window is closed by the compliance officer. Any earlier pre-clearance obtained when the trading window was open, would be invalid once the trading window is closed.
Grant of ESOP refers to a right but not an obligation to acquire the shares of the company as and when the options are vested and correspondingly exercised by the Employees. Hence, grant of ESOP per se is not trading and accordingly can be made during trading window of closure.
The compliance officer shall communicate the closure of trading window to the designated persons. Mere rejection of their trades during pre-clearance would not be sufficient.
The trading window shall be closed when the compliance officer determines that a designated person or class of designated persons can reasonably be expected to have possession of unpublished price sensitive information.
Yes
Clause 4(3) of Schedule B read with Regulation 4(1)(vi) provides that trading window restrictions shall not apply in respect of trades pursuant to a trading plan.
Clause 4(3) of Schedule B read with Regulation 4(1)(ii) provides that trading window restrictions shall not apply in respect of trades carried out through the block deal window mechanism between insiders without being in breach of regulation 3 and both parties had made a conscious and informed trade decision.
H. Contra Trade
Any buy/sell trade, undertaken by a Designated Person (DP) and their immediate relatives, within 6 months of an earlier sell/buy trade, respectively, where both the trades have been done in open market11, will tantamount to contra trade.
In respect of ESOPs, subscribing, exercising and subsequent sale of shares, so acquired by exercising ESOPs (hereinafter “ESOP shares”), shall not attract contra trade restrictions. Further, if the ESOP shares are sold in multiple transactions, it will not attract contra trade restrictions.
Further, it is to be noted that other provisions of the Regulations shall apply to the sale of shares so acquired through exercising ESOPs.
Table below provides for different scenarios involving buy/sale of ESOP shares, elucidating the principles provided above:
|
Transaction Date – Jan 01, 2021 (A) |
Transaction Date – Feb 01, 2021 (B) |
Transaction Date – March 01, 2021 (C) |
Transaction Date – August 01, 2021 (D) |
Transaction Date – September 01, 2021 (E) |
Contra Trade (F) |
|
– |
ESOPs – Acquire # |
ESOPs – Dispose$ |
– |
– |
No |
|
– |
ESOPs – Acquire # |
ESOPs – Dispose$ |
ESOPs – Dispose$ |
– |
No |
|
– |
ESOPs – Acquire # |
Market – Acquire@ |
ESOPs – Dispose$ |
– |
Yes, Transaction D is contra to C |
|
– |
ESOPs – Acquire # |
ESOPs – Dispose$ |
Market – Acquire@ |
– |
Yes, Transaction D is contra to C. |
|
Market – Dispose@ |
ESOPs – Acquire # |
ESOPs – Dispose$ |
– |
– |
No |
|
Market – Acquire @ |
ESOPs – Acquire # |
ESOPs – Dispose$ |
– |
– |
Yes, Transaction |
|
Transaction Date – Jan 01, 2021 (A) |
Transaction Date – Feb 01, 2021 (B) |
Transaction Date – March 01, 2021 (C) |
Transaction Date – August 01, 2021 (D) |
Transaction Date – September 01, 2021 (E) |
Contra Trade (F) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
C is contra to A. |
|
Market – Acquire@ |
ESOPs – Acquire # |
ESOPs – Dispose$ |
Market – Acquire@ |
ESOPs – Dispose$ |
Yes, Transaction C is contra to A, D is contra to C and E is contra to D. |
|
Non – open Market – Acquire% |
ESOPs – Acquire # |
ESOPs – Dispose$ |
– |
– |
No |
|
# – ESOPs – Acquire: Shares acquired through exercising ESOPs $ – ESOPs – Dispose: Shares disposed, which were acquired through exercising ESOPs. @ – Open Market – Acquire/Dispose: Shares acquired or disposed in open market % – Non-Open Market – Acquire – Shares acquired through corporate actions like Rights Issue, FPO, OFS, Bonus, Split, etc.] |
Any derivative contract that is physically settled on expiry shall not be considered to be a contra trade. However, closing the contract before expiry (i.e. cash settled contract) would mean taking contra position. T rading in index futures or such other derivatives where the scrip is part of such derivatives, need not be reported.
Contra trade is not allowed within the duration of the trading plan.
Any acquisition of securities by way of Rights issue, Follow-on Public Offer (FPO), Offer for Sale (OFS), Bonus issue, Share Split, Merger/Amalgamation, Demerger, would not attract restriction of ‘contra-trade’, provided the initial transaction of disposal was completed in accordance with PIT Regulations.
Similarly, any disposal of securities by way of Buy-back, Open offer, Exit offer, Merger/Amalgamation etc. would not attract restriction of ‘contra-trade’, provided the initial transaction of acquisition was completed in accordance with PIT Regulations.
If the initial transaction is an acquisition by way of Rights issue, Follow-on Public Offer (FPO), Offer for Sale (OFS), Bonus issue, Share Split, Merger/Amalgamation, Demerger, then subsequent disposal of securities within 6 months from the date of initial transaction would be considered as a contra trade. Similarly, if the securities are disposed through Buy-back or Open offer, then subsequent acquisition of securities within 6 months from the date of initial transaction would be considered as a contra trade.
However, for the transactions involving merger/amalgamation, demerger, bonus and split, the period of 6 months shall be calculated as under:
- Merger/amalgamation – For securities received subsequent to a merger/amalgamation, period of 6 months is to be calculated from the date of acquisition of securities of the entity (ies), which were merged/amalgamated.
However, if an unlisted entity gets merged/amalgamated with the listed entity, the employees of the unlisted entity who are now the Designated Persons of the listed entity as a result of merger/ amalgamation, the period of six (6) months for such Designated persons shall be counted from the first transaction in the entity, post- merger/ amalgamation.
- Demerger – For securities received subsequent to a demerger, period of 6 months is to be calculated from the date of acquisition of the securities of the entity, which was demerged.
- Bonus and share split – For securities received subsequent to bonus or share split, 6 months to be calculated from the date of acquisition of original securities, on which bonus/split shares were received.
The code prescribed by the Regulations is same for listed companies, market intermediaries and other persons who are required to handle UPSI in the course of business operations.
Therefore, restrictions with regard to contra trade forming part of clause 10 of code of conduct shall apply to all according to the Regulations.
Whether the contra trade restrictions as prescribed in Schedule B and Schedule C of SEBI (PIT) Regulations, 2015 are applicable on designated person only or designated person and their immediate relatives?
The restriction to engage in contra trade as provided under the provisions of the PIT Regulations would be applicable to all the shares held under the PAN of the Designated Person, irrespective of the capacities in which such Designated Person holds such shares in the Company.
Contra trade restrictions are applicable on date wise. Since shares are last bought on December 01, 2020, the person cannot trade for a period of 6 months from December 01, 2020.
For the applicability of SEBI (PIT) Regulations, securities shall have the same meaning assigned to it under the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956, inter-alia covers debt securities. Hence, contra trade restrictions would apply to debt securities.
Trading in Rights Entitlements tantamount to open market trade in the Company securities and contra trade provisions are applicable on them. Thus, if the Designated Person has earlier acquired the shares of the Company and if they sell the Right Entitlement within a time span of six (6) months, it will attract contra trade provisions.
“Trading” means and includes subscribing, buying, selling, dealing, or agreeing to subscribe, buy, sell, deal in any securities, and accordingly gifting shall be construed as dealing in shares. Thus, gift is a trade and the promoter shall be required to comply with requirement of disclosure, pre-clearance and contra trade restrictions.
As per code of conduct, the compliance officer may be empowered to grant relaxation from strict application of such restriction for reasons to be recorded in writing provided that such relaxation does not violate these regulations.
Contra Trade restrictions are applicable on each and every trade irrespective of whether the trades are below or above the threshold limit of Pre Clearance.
I. Designated Person and Immediate Relatives
All information which is required to be collected from designated persons, should be collected till date of service of such employees with the company. Upon resignation from service of designated person, a company/ intermediary/ fiduciary should maintain the updated address and contact details of such designated person. The company/intermediary/ fiduciary should make efforts to maintain updated address and contact details of such persons for one year after resignation from service. Such data should be preserved by the company/ intermediary/ fiduciary for a period of 5 years.
As per Regulation 9(4), designated persons to be covered by the code of conduct on the basis of their role and function in the organisation and the access that such role and function would provide to UPSI in addition to seniority and professional designation. Further, Regulation 9(4)(v) specify any support staff of listed company, intermediary or fiduciary such as IT staff or secretarial staff who have access to unpublished price sensitive information shall be included in the list of designated person.
The guiding principle for identifying designated person is role and function in the organisation and the access that such role and function would provide to UPSI. Since whole-time director/managing director of holding company may have access to UPSI of its subsidiary company, the same shall be added as designated person of the subsidiary company.
Regulation 9(4) (iii) specifies that all promoters of listed companies and promoters who are individuals or investment companies for intermediaries or fiduciaries shall be included as designated person. Further, if promoter group is having access to UPSI then the same shall also be included under the ambit of designated person.
Yes. Designated person and its immediate relative can trade in derivatives when not in possession of UPSI and such trades are accordingly governed by the code of conduct.
J. General
Yes, trading in ADRs and GDRs of listed companies is covered under relevant provisions of PIT Regulations. Employees of such companies, including foreign nationals, who are designated persons, shall be required to follow the code of conduct for trading in ADRs and
GDRs. For such disclosures by such designated persons, a unique identifier analogous to PAN may be used.
The board of directors of the company shall be the approving authority in such cases and may stipulate such procedures as are deemed necessary to ensure compliance with these regulations.
In case of a group, separate code may be adopted for listed company and each of intermediaries, as applicable to the concerned entity.
Regulation 2 (c) clearly provides the functions and responsibilities of the compliance officer. Specific responsibilities to deal with dissemination of information and disclosure of unpublished price sensitive information are given to Chief Investor Relations Officer (CIRO) under clause 3 of Schedule A.
It is company’s discretion to designate two separate persons as CIRO and compliance officer, respectively for fulfilling specified responsibilities. In cases where both CIRO and compliance officer have been designated for overlapping functions, they shall be jointly and severally responsible.
A spouse is presumed to be an ‘immediate relative’, unless rebutted so.
The regulation 9 (4) (iii) intends to include only those non-individual corporate promoters of intermediaries or fiduciaries as designated person, whose main object or principal activity, is investing in securities of other companies. For e.g. if the promoter of a broking entity is a Bank, then such promoter shall not be specified as designated person to be covered by the code of conduct of the intermediary. However, if the promoter of a broking entity is an investment company which holds investments in various companies, then such an entity shall be specified as designated person to be covered by the code of conduct of the intermediary.
Regulation 4(1) of the PIT Regulations requires that no insider shall trade in securities that are listed or proposed to be listed on a stock exchange when in possession of unpublished price sensitive information. Thus, an entity, if had access to the UPSI during the bidding process of the company under CIRP, then the requirements under the PIT Regulations need to be abided with.
Annexure-A List of rescinded documents
Sl.No. | Date | Document name |
1. | Jul 24, 2009 | Clarifications on SEBI (Prohibition of Insider Trading) Regulations, 1992 |
2. | Aug 24, 2015 | Guidance Note on SEBI (Prohibition of Insider Trading) Regulations, 2015 |
3. | Nov 04, 2019 | FAQs on SEBI (PIT) Regulations 2015 |
4. | Oct 08, 2020 | Revised FAQs on SEBI (Prohibition of Insider Trading) Regulations, 2015 |
5. | Apr 29, 2021 | Comprehensive FAQs on SEBI (PIT) Regulations, 2015 |
6. | Mar 31,2023 | Comprehensive FAQs on SEBI (PIT) Regulations, 2015 |
